Civil Engineering Online Review

A three-hinged arch is shown in the figure.

1. Which of the following most nearly gives the vertical reaction at A in KiloNewtons:
A. 31
B. 36
C. 28
D. 23
2. Which of the following most nearly gives the total reaction at the hinge in KiloNewtons:
A. 45.2
B. 85.6
C. 54.1
D. 32.3
3. Which of the following most nearly gives the total reaction at B in KiloNewtons:
A. 32.3
B. 45.2
C. 85.6
D. 54.1

Solution:

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Concrete beam 8meters long and spaced 4m center-to-center are used to support a concrete slab 115 mm thick. The beams have effective depth of 650 mm measured from the slab surface, b_w=300mm, and are reinforced for tension only with six 28-mm-diameter bars. The beams are to be analyzed as T-beams. Steel yield strength f_y=350MPa and concrete strength f_c=21MPa.

1. Which of the following most nearly give the width of slab effective as T-beam, in millimeters?
A. 2000
B. 2140
C. 4000
D. 3250
2. Which of the following most nearly give the depth of compression block in millimeters?
A. 36.2
B. 45.2
C. 56.3
D. 62.4
3. Which of the following most nearly give the nominal moment capacity of the beam in KiloNewton-Meter.
A. 563
B. 784
C. 952
D. 817

Solution:

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Steel column 3.6m long and hinged at both ends is used to carry an axial load of 800kN. The column is subject to end moments about its strong axis (single curvature) with M₁ = 90%M₂. The frame is braced against joint translation and is not subjected to any transverse loading. F_y =248MPa, E=200GPa.

The properties of the section are as follows:

A=0.013 m² r_b=94 mm

S_x=0.00099 m² K=1.0

1. Which of the following most nearly gives the computed (actual) axial stress of the column in MegaPascals.
A. 57
B. 75
C. 62
D. 68
2. Which of the following most nearly gives the allowable axial compressive stress of the column in MegaPascals.
A. 114
B. 120
C. 133
D. 148
3. From a separate calculation with F_b = 149MPa, which of the following most nearly gives the maximum moment that the column can carry, in KiloNewton-Meter.
A. 85.6
B. 75.4
C. 71.4
D. 78.8

Solution:

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The implementing rules of PD 1594 defines an unbalanced bi as a bid containing one or more pay items that are 30% higher than the unit allowable government estimate (AGE) in respect to major items whereas other pay items are priced lower than the unit AGE. AGE is defined as one-half the sum of the AAE and the average of all responsive bids. For purposes of determining the average of all responsive bids, bids higher than 120% of the AAE or lower than 60% of the AAE shall not be considered. Major items are defined as pay items representing at least 20% of the AAE or those indicated or specified in the instruction to bidders. The responsive bids for a government project with 8 bid items are as follows (all cost figures are in thousands of pesos):

1. Which of the following most nearly gives the total AAE in thousand pesos:
A. 64,600
B. 54,800
C. 48,000
D. 71,000
2. Which of the following give the complete list of major item?
A. Item 8
B. Items 2,4 & 8
C. Items 2,3,4, & 8
D. Items 2 & 8
3. Which of the following gives the complete list of unbalanced bids?
A. Bidders A, B, C
B. Bidders A, C
C. Bidders A
D. All are balanced bids

Solution:

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The area in the first quadrant is bounded by the curve shown in the figure.

1. Which of the following most nearly gives the area in square units?
A. 2330
B. 2130
C. 2230
D. 2030
2. Which of the following most nearly gives the location of the centroid of the area from the y-axis?
A. 52
B. 48
C. 42
D. 58
3. Which of the following most nearly gives the location of the centroid of the area from the x-axis?
A. 20
B. 10
C. 15
D. 25

Solution:

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Bill of quantity is to be prepared for guardhouse 3.6 m in height with one door opening only and a height of 2.1m as shown. Assume density of steel equal to 7860 kg/m³. CHB is 200 mm x 400 mm and 150 mm thick.

1. Which of the following most nearly gives the total length of 12mm bars in meters:
A. 72
B. 65
C. 86
D. 58
2. Which of the following most nearly gives the weight of 12mm bars in Kilogram per meters:
A. 0.89
B. 0.75
C. 0.93
D. 0.63
3. Which of the following most nearly gives the total weight of 12mm bars in Kilograms:
A. 44
B. 58
C. 77
D. 64

Solution:

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A 4-m single span beam having a cross-section of 300mm x 500 mm carries a uniformly distributed load throughout its span. The beam is 80% stress grade Apitong with allowable bending stress of 16.5 MegaPascals, allowable shearing stress of 1.73 MPa and modulus of elasticity of 7.31 GigaPascals. Allowable deflection is 1/240 of the span.

1. Which of the following most nearly gives the value of the uniform load without exceeding the allowable bending stress of the beam, in KiloNewton per Meter.
A. 118
B. 103
C. 132
D. 124
2. Which of the following most nearly gives the value of the uniform load without exceeding the allowable shearing stress of the beam, in KiloNewton per Meter.
A. 63
B. 54
C. 87
D. 75
3. Which of the following most nearly gives the value of the uniform load without exceeding the allowable deflection, in KiloNewton per Meter.
A. 102
B. 98
C. 124
D. 114

Solution:

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The implementing rules of PD 1594 defines an unbalanced bi as a bid containing one or more pay items that are 30% higher than the unit allowable government estimate (AGE) in respect to major items whereas other pay items are priced lower than the unit AGE. AGE is defined as one-half the sum of the AAE and the average of all responsive bids. For purposes of determining the average of all responsive bids, bids higher than 120% of the AAE or lower than 60% of the AAE shall not be considered. Major items are defined as pay items representing at least 20% of the AAE or those indicated or specified in the instruction to bidders. The responsive bids for a government project with 8 bid items are as follows (all cost figures are in thousands of pesos):

1. Which of the following most nearly gives the total AAE in thousand pesos:
A. 64,600
B. 54,800
C. 48,000
D. 71,000
2. Which of the following give the complete list of major item?
A. Item 8
B. Items 2,4 & 8
C. Items 2,3,4, & 8
D. Items 2 & 8
3. Which of the following gives the complete list of unbalanced bids?
A. Bidders A, B, C
B. Bidders A, C
C. Bidders A
D. All are balanced bids

Solution:

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A load of 6 KiloNewtons is supported as shown. They pulley weighs 2 KiloNewtons.

1. Which of the following most nearly gives the reaction at C in KiloNewtons:
A. 8
B. 10
C. 9
D. 11
2. Which of the following most nearly gives the reaction at B in KiloNewtons:
A. 30
B. 32
C. 41
D. 36
3. Which of the following most nearly gives the angle that the reaction at B make with the horizontal:
A. 21.5°
B. 29.6°
C. 24.8°
D. 22.4°

Solution:

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A three-span continuous beam is shown. The provisions of the 1992 National Structural Code of the Philippine relevant to this problem are also given in the second figure.

1. Which of the following most nearly gives the factored uniform load, in kiloNewtons per meter:
A. 6.32
B. 5.65
C. 7.45
D. 4.58
2. Which of the following most nearly gives the ultimate (factored) bending moment at G, in kiloNewton-meters:
A. 24.8
B. 21.9
C. 27.7
D. 32.2
3. Which of the following most nearly gives the ultimate (factored) bending moment at I, in kiloNewton-meters:
A. 16.5
B. 14.9
C. 12.4
D. 18.7

Solution:

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It is required to analyze the indeterminate truss shown. By superposition.  The product AE = 10,000 where A is the cross-sectional area in m² and E is the modulus of elasticity in Pascals.

1. Which of the following most nearly gives the relative displacement of joints B and D if member BD is removed, in meters?
A. 0.012
B. 0.004
C. 0.005
D. 0.008
2. Which of the following most nearly gives the relative displacement of joints B and D due to two unit loads (1 N) acting at joints B and D acting towards each other, if member BD is removed.
A. 0.001m
B. 0.003m
C. 0.004m
D. 0.002m
3. Which of the following most nearly gives the value of the force on member BD in Newtons?
A. 6.4
B. 7.3
C. 9.5
D. 7.9

Solution:

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It is required to construct the influence line for the beam shown.

1. Which of the following most nearly gives the ordinate of the influence line for the vertical reaction at A at a point 4m from A:
A. 0.33
B. 0.67
C. -0.33
D. -0.67
2. Which of the following most nearly gives the ordinate of the influence line for the shear at D at a point 4m from A:
A. 0.67
B. -0.33
C. -0.67
D. 0.33
3. Which of the following most nearly gives the ordinate of the influence line for the moment at D at a point 4m from A:
A. -0.67
B. 0.67
C. 0.33
D. -0.33

Solution:

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a force system is shown.

1. Which of the following most nearly gives the resultant of the force system in Newtons?
A. 72
B. 96
C. 84
D. 77
2. Which of the following most gives the angles that ht eresultant force make with the horizontal (positive counterclockwise)
A. 58.4°
B. 63.4°
C. 45.6°
D. 52.2°
3. Which of the following most nearly gives the distance from the origin where the resultant force crosses the X-axis.
A. 6m
B. 6.5m
C. 5.5m
D. 5m

Solution:

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The steel frame is braced against joint translation (sideways). The girders have moment of inertia I=0.0003107 m⁴ and the columns have I=0.0000457m⁴. The columns are properly attached to footings. Use the alignment chart

Multipliers for Rigidly Attached Members

1. Which of the following most nearly gives the stiffness of column C5?

A. 2.12 x 10^-5
B.1.24 x 10^-5
C. 1.58 x 10^-5
D. 3.21 x 10^-5
2. Which of the following most nearly gives the G on top of column C3?
A. 0.48
B. 0.69
C. 0.12
D. 0.32
3. Which of the following most nearly gives the effective length of column C3?
A. 2.44m
B. 2.68m
C. 3.21m
D. 2.87m

Solution:

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Samples for strength tests of each class of concrete placed each day shall be taken not less than once a day, or not less than once for every 120cubic meters of concrete, or not less than once for each 500 square meters of surface area for slabs or walls.

The first paragraph states the provision for the frequency of testing for concrete. It is required to determine the required number of test sample per day for the following item.

Column     :        1m x 1m x 3.5m            12pcs

Beam         :        1m x 1.7m x 6m            17pcs

Slab           :        6m x 3m x 0.3m            8pcs

Shear wall :        6m x 3m x 0.3m            4pcs

1. Which of the following gives the volume of concrete in columns in cubic meter?
A. 58
B. 42
C. 22
D. 174
2. Which of the following gives the total area of shear wall in square meter?
A. 160
B. 124
C. 72
D. 288
3. Which of the following gives the required number of test per day according to NSCP?
A. 3
B. 2
C. 4
D. 1

Solution:

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The implementing rules and regulations of P.D. 1594 states that for a unit price contract, quantity overruns or underruns of not more than 15% of the estimates per major pay item and 25% er minor item need not be covered by a Change Order provided that the same is authorized by the approving authority of the contract. Major items are defined as pay items representing at least 20% of the AAE or the first two items having the highest percentage of the AAE, or those indicated/ specified in the instruction to bidders.

The quantities and contract prices of a project are as follows:

1. Which of the following most nearly gives the cost of labor and equipment per kilogram?
A. P4.3
B. P6.3
C. P7.9
D. P5.2
2. Which of the following most nearly gives the cost of materials per kilogram?
A. P14.11
B. P10.47
C. P18.21
D. P15.52
3. Which of the following most nearly gives the unit cost of the project per kilogram?
A. P30.21
B. P38.65
C. P20.14
D. P25.47

Solution:

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A project has been bid out by the Department of Public Works and Highways. The approved agency estimate (AAE) is P1000M. The results of four bids are as follows:

Bidder A ………………….. P1300

Bidder B ………………….. P700

Bidder C ………………….. P500

Bidder D ………………….. P900

Note: All units are in thousand of pesos.

The implementing rules and regulations of P.D. 1594 states that no award of contract shall be made to a bidder whose bid price is higher than the allowable government estimate (AGE) or the Approved Agency Estimate (AAE), whichever is higher, or lower than 70% of the AGE. The allowable government estimate (AGE) is defined as one half the sum of the AAE and the average of all responsive bids, for the purposes of determining the average of responsive bids, bids higher than 120% of the AAE or lower than 60% of the AAE shall not be considered. No. negotiation will be allowed to bring down the bid to the level of the AAE/AGE.

1. Which of the following gives the maximum bid to be considered is responsive bid, in millions of pesos:
A. P1300
B. P1100
C. P1200
D. P900
2. Which of the following gives the minimum bid to be considered as responsive bid, in millions of pesos:
A. P900
B. P1200
C. P600
D. P800

3. Which of the following gives the complete list of responsive bidders:
A. Bidders B & D
B. Bidders A & C
C. Bidders B, C, & D
D. Bidders A, B, & D

Solution:

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A rectangular reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300mm and an effective depth of 450mm to tension bars. The beam is reinforced with six 32-mm-diameter tension bars and two 28-mm-diameter compression bars with centroid 65mm from extreme concrete fiber. Concrete strength f_c=34.5MPa and steel strength f_y=345MPa. Assume that the contribution of the compression steel cannot be neglected and that compression steel yields.

1. Which of the following most nearly gives the balanced steel ratio if the beam were singly reinforced:
A. 0.044
B.0.033
C. 0.055
D. 0.022
2. Which of the following most nearly gives the balanced steel ratio for doubly reinforced considering the effect of the compression steel:
A. 0.048
B. 0.059
C. 0.062
D. 0.053
3. Which of the following most nearly gives the ultimate moment capacity of the beam in KiloNewton-Meter.
A. 632
B. 724
C. 517
D. 571

Solution:

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The beam shown is 50mm wide and 200mm deep. The 100-kN load acts at the centroid of the beam. Include the shearing stress caused by the load.

1. Which of the following most nearly gives the shearing stress at B in the x-axis in MegaPascals:
A. 80
B. 85
C. 75
D. 70
2. Which of the following most nearly gives the shearing stress at B in xy-plane in MegaPascals:
A. 8.54
B. 9.74
C. 10.98
D. 12.32
3. Which of the following most nearly gives the direction (angle) of the principal stress in the xy-plane in degrees.
A. 7.8
B. 8.2
C. 9.6
D. 12.4

Solution:

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Rotation of the radically slotted arm shown is governed by θ = 0.2t + 0.02t³, where θ is in radians and t is in seconds. Simultaneously, the power screw in the arm engages the slider B and controls its distance from O according to r = 0.2 + 0.04t², where r is in meters and t is in seconds.

1. Which of the following most nearly gives the x-coordinate of the slider after 3 seconds:
A. 0.234m
B.0.453m
C. 0.167m
D. 0.56m
2. Which of the following most nearly gives the velocity of the slider after 3 seconds in m/s:
A. 0.48
B. 0.67
C. 0.54
D. 0.89
3. Which of the following most nearly gives the acceleration of the slider after 3 seconds in m/s²:
A. 0.723
B. 0.678
C. 0.601
D. 0.622

Solution:

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A particle with a mass of 0.75 kg has an initial velocity of u=6m/s in the direction shown. Forces F₁ and F₂ act on the particle, and their magnitudes change with time according to the graphical schedule shown.

1. Which of the following most nearly gives the y-component of particles velocity after 3 seconds, in m/s.
A. 9.8
B.12.4
C. 6.1
D. 14.5
2. Which of the following most nearly gives the particle’s velocity after 3 seconds, in m/s?
A. 14.3
B. 12.5
C. 15.8
D. 16.2
3. Which of the following most nearly gives the direction of the particle from the x-axis after 3 seconds (positive counterclockwise):
A. 113°
B. 125°
C. 136°
D. 102°

Solution:

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The cantilever beam shown is loaded with a counterclockwise couple of 60 kN-m 1 m from the fixed end and a uniformly distributed load of 5 kN/m over 3m from the free end.

1. Which of the following give the moment at A in KiloNewton-Meter.
A. -9
B.-7.5
C. -6
D. -8.5
2. Which of the following gives the shear at C in KiloNewton-Meter.
A. 15
B. 20
C. 10
D. 25
3. Which of the following give the moment at C in KiloNewton-Meter.
A. -20.5
B. -18.5
C. -25
D. -22.5

Solution:

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A square column footing is shown. The unit weight of soil above footing is 18.5 kN/m³³. Concrete strength f_c = 21 MPa and steel yield strength is f_y = and unit weight of concrete is 23.5 kN/m 414 MPa. The allowable soil bearing capacity is 230 kPa.

1. Which of the following most nearly gives the effective soil bearing capacity at the base of the footing, in KiloPascals?

A. 185
B. 174
C. 199
D. 208

2. Which of the following most nearly gives the dimension of the footing?

A. 3.2m x 3.2m
B. 3.5m x 3.5m
C. 2.5m x 2.5m
D. 3m x 3m

3. Which of the following most nearly gives the factored shear at the critical section for wide-beam shear in KiloNewtons?

A. 727
B. 654
C. 821
D. 672

Solution:

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Steel column 6m long and hinged at both ends is used to carry an axial load of 800kN. The column is subject to end moments about its strong axis (double curvature) with M₁ = 90%M₂. The frame is braced against joint translation and is not subjected to any transverse loading. F_y=248 MPa, E=200GPa. The allowable bending stress F_b = 149MPa. The provisions of 1992 NSCP is given.

The properties of the section are as follows:

A=0.0123 m²

S_x=0.00144 m³

r_x=134 mm

r_y=77 mm

1. Which of the following most nearly gives the computed (actual) axial stress of the column in MegaPascals?

A. 73
B. 94
C. 58
D. 65

2. Which of the following most nearly gives the allowable axial compressive stress of the column in MegaPascals?

A. 123
B. 132
C. 107
D. 87

3. Which of the following most nearly gives the moment capacity of the column in KiloNewton-Meter?

A. 100
B. 150
C. 120
D. 110

Solution:

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The activities, duration, and cost(in thousand pesos) under normal and accelerated conditions for a network diagram are shown in the accompanying table.

1. Which of the following gives the critical path of the network?

A. B-C-E-F
B. B-E-F
C. C-D-E-F
D. A-C-E-F

2. Which of the following gives the duration of the project?

A. 15
B. 12
C. 14
D. 13

3. Which of the following gives the total cost of the project in thousand pesos?

A. P24,400.00
B. P23,400.00
C. P22,400.00
D. P25,400.00

Solution:

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The beam is 150mm wide and 300mm deep, The allowable bending stress on extreme fiber is 12MPa. If x=2.5m:

1. Which of the following gives the maximum moment that the beam can resist, in KiloNewton-meter.

A. 24
B. 16
C. 18
D. 27

2. Which of the following gives maximum value of P, in KiloNewton?

A. 12.5
B. 8.6
C. 9.5
D. 16.4

3. Which of the following gives maximum value of P, in KiloNewton?

A. 27
B. 24
C. 16
D. 18

Solution:

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A force system in space is shown below.

1. Which of the following most nearly give the moment of the forces about the x-axis, in Newton-Meter?

A. 720
B. 2500
C. 2865
D. 1200

2. Which of the following most nearly gives the magnitude of the resultant moment in Newton-Meter.

A. 1200
B. 720
C. 2500
D. 2865

3. Which of the following most nearly gives the direction cosines of the resultant moment?

A. cos θ­_x =0.251;   cos θ­_y =-0.419;  cos θ­_z =0.873
B. cos θ­_x =0.251;   cos θ­_y =-0.214;  cos θ­_z =0.771
C. cos θ­_x =0.324;   cos θ­_y =-0.419;  cos θ­_z =0.771
D. cos θ­_x =0.324;   cos θ­_y =-0.214;  cos θ­_z =0.873

Solution:

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The force system shown consists of the couple C and four forces. The resultant of this system is a 500kN-m counterclockwise couple.

1. Which of the following most nearly gives the value of P in kN?

A. 230
B. 150
C. 250
D. 200

2. Which of the following most nearly gives the value of Q in kN?

A. 240
B. 260
C. 300
D. 200

3. Which of the following most nearly gives the value of C in kN-m?

A. 1070
B. 1140
C. 1440
D. 1210

Solution:

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For the beam shown.

1. Which of the following is the influence line for the reaction at C?

A. Figure AN-13(e)
B. Figure AN-13(d)
C. Figure AN-13(b)
D. Figure AN-13(c)

2. Which of the following is the influence line for the moment at B?

A. Figure AN-13(i)
B. Figure AN-13(f)
C. Figure AN-13(h)
D. Figure AN-13(g)

3. Which of the following is the influence line for the shear at B?

A. Figure AN-13(k)
B. Figure AN-13(m)
C. Figure AN-13(l)
D. Figure AN-13(j)

Solution:

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A wall footing is shown. The unit weight of soil above footing is 18 kN/m³ and unit weight of concrete is 23.5 kN/m³. Concrete strength f_c = 21 MPa and steel yield strength is f_y = 414 MPa. The allowable soil bearing capacity is 210 kPa.

1. Which of the following most nearly gives the effective soil bearing capacity at the bottom of the footing in KiloPascals.

A. 172
B. 195
C. 186
D. 164

2. Which of the following most nearly gives the dimension (width) of the footing in meter?

A. 2.5
B. 2.1
C. 3.2
D. 2.8

3. Which of the following most nearly gives the spacing of the 28-mm diameter main bars, in millimeters?

A. 300
B. 250
C. 400
D. 350

Solution:

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A steel frame is braced against joint translation (sideway). The girders are W21 x 402 with I = 0.0051m⁴. The columns are W 21 x 93 with I = 0.00086 m⁴. It is required to determine the effective length of column KL using the alignment chart given. The subscripts A and B in the chart refer to the joints at the two ends of the column section being considered. The factor G is defined as

In which ∑ indicates a summation of all members rigidly connected to that joint. I_c is the moment of inertia and L_c the unsupported length of a column section, and I_g is the moment of inertia and L_g the unsupported length of a girder or other restraining member. In calculating G, only rigidly attached girders or columns are included.

For column ends supported by but not rigidly connected to a footing or foundation, G is theoretically infinity, but, unless actually designed as a true friction free pin, may be taken as “10” for practical designs. If the column end is rigidly attached to a properly designed footing, G may be taken as 1.0.

1. Which of the following most nearly gives the factor G for the top end of member KL.
A. 2.14
B. 1.54
C. 2.87
D. 1.77


2. Which of the following most nearly gives the factor G for the bottom end of member KL.
A. 2.57
B. 1.73
C. 1.54
D. 3.21

3. Which of the following most nearly gives the effective length of column KL in meters.
A. 2.95
B. 3.25
C. 2.64
D. 3.87

Solution:

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A spiral column 500-mm in diameter is reinforced with 8-28mm diameter bars as shown. The interaction diagram for the column is also given.

1. Which of the following most nearly gives the reinforcement ratio in percent.
A. 0.025
B. 0.032
C. 0.016
D. 0.041
2. Which of the following most nearly gives the ratio of eccentricity to column dimension in the direction of bending.
A. 0.40
B. 0.30
C. 0.25
D. 0.35
3. Which of the following most nearly gives the nominal load capacity of the column.
A. 2800
B. 2600
C. 2700
D. 2500

Solution:

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A 200mm wide and 260mm deep Apitong is used as a beam simply supported over a span of 4m and to carry a uniformly distributed load of 10KiloNewton per meter including its own weight. The beam dimension was reduced by 10mm after being planned. The properties of Philippine woods at 80% stress grade is given.

1. Which of the following most nearly gives the maximum bending stress on the beam is MegaPascals.
A. 14
B. 16
C. 12
D. 10
2. Which of the following most nearly gives the maximum shearing stress on the beam in MegaPascals.
A. 0.63
B. 0.25
C. 0.95
D. 0.87
3. Which of the following most nearly gives the maximum deflection in mm.
A. 15.2
B. 18.4
C. 21.3
D. 12.4

Solution:

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Rectangular beams 300mm wide 600mm effective deep and 5.8m long are spaced 3m on centers. These beams are used to support a 90-mm thick concrete slab poured monolithically with the beam, thus the beams may be considered as T-beams. The beams are reinforced for tension only with eight 28-mm diameter bars. Concrete strength f_c = 27MPa and steel strength f_y = 345 MPa. The provisions of the 1992 Structrural Code of the Philippines regarding T-Beams is given.

1. Which of the following most nearly gives the effective flange width according to the 1992 NSCP, in millimeters.
A. 1450
B. 1740
C. 3000
D. 1250
2. Which of the following most nearly gives the depth of compression block measured from the top of the beam, in millimeters.
A. 68
B. 72
C. 60
D. 51
3. Which of the following most nearly gives the nominal capacity of the beam in KiloNewton-Meter.
A. 854
B. 976
C. 753
D. 1104

Solution:

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The uniform 50-kg plank is resting on rough surfaces at A and B. The coefficients of static friction are shown in the figure. A 100-kg woman starts walking form A toward B. It is required to determine the distance x when the plank starts to slide.

1. Which of the following most nearly gives the total reaction at B in Newtons.
A. 758
B. 742
C. 817
D. 863
2. Which of the following most nearly gives the total reaction at B in Newtons.
A. 680
B. 690
C. 700
D. 670
3. Which of the following most nearly gives the value of x in meters.
A. 1.73
B. 1.85
C. 1.62
D. 1.54

Solution:

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